Ethics Boards. Should IRB set common rules for researchers Case Study

Ethics Boards. Should IRB set common rules for researchers - Case Study Example In America, the Institutional Review Boards is a body charged with responsibilities of ensuring that the aforementioned concerns are addressed amicably so that research can be conducted appropriately hence providing reliable findings that will change the complexity of human life. in this particular case, a conclusion will be drawn based five studies case that has indicated how unethically conducted research can affect the normal life of individuals. Considering the first case, the researchers carried out the study on the effectiveness of penicillin in curing syphilis. It is paramount to state that they acted unethically by overstretching the freedom bestowed on them. as such, they acted with least responsibility and disrespect to humanity. In the second case, the researchers disregarded the cultural practices of particular people through excavating of their keens’ remains. Similarly, with the third case, the procedures that involve getting approval by the IRB is quite restricted. As such, it is hard to get approval making some researchers disregard the regulatory body. In the fourth case, the IRB is accused of unethically derailing some mega projects on grounds that they are unethical. Finally, the fifth case concerns researchers who dishonestly obtains human specimen such as blood without properly informed consent. All researchers should seek guidance and authorization before carrying its preliminaries. In addition, they should present the research proposal beforehand to allow experts to give their opinion for or against the procedure.

The effects of block scheduling Essay Example for Free

The effects of block scheduling Essay Summary of Current Knowledge and Theory Relevant to Block Scheduling Overview of Perceived Advantages to Block Scheduling Several researchers (Dobbs, W. , 1998; Hurley, 1997; Zepeda, 1999; Staunton, 1997; Staunton and Adams, 1997; Pisapia, and Westfall, 1997; and Eineder and Bishop, 1997) reported the following perceived strengths and advantages by both students and teachers to block scheduling:   Increased teacher preparation time (in both teams and as individuals).   Double the class time for certain core subjects such as language arts and math.   Half as many students for teachers per semester. Additional elective class choice for 9th grade students; more choices for upperclassmen, including options of Advanced Placement and other higher level coursework   More time for completion of labs, incorporating technology, class trips, and other various applications of learned material   Improved school climate and decreased disciplinary referrals   More time to do homework and for guided practice under the direction of the teacherImproved academic achievement by students Ability of students to accumulate enough credits to graduate early. More one-on-one time between teachers and students. In general, surveyed students liked the block scheduling. They claimed to be getting better grades, to have time for more in-depth study, and got more attention from the teachers. They said their lives were less stressed and they liked having a fresh start each semester. Nearly all students asked said they would not want to return to the traditional schedule. One of the greatest effects of the 4 x 4 schedule is that students report having less homework. Of the 37 students interviewed, 20 said they had less homework, 7 said they had more, and 6 said they had about the same. If you dont like the teacher, you dont have to deal with him all year, or if you dont like the subject. When the semester ends, its like a new school year. Youre not bogged down. Clearly, these students reaped academic benefits from the change to the 4 x 4 schedule. Both college preparatory and general students reported they were learning more and receiving more individual attention (Hurley, 1997). Surveyed teachers indicated that they enjoyed lecturing less and spending more time one-on-one with students. Teachers teaching in block scheduling used more of a team approach and allowed them to experiment more in the classroom (Staunton, 1997; Staunton and Adams, 1997). Teachers also reported that their teaching methods and practices changed as block scheduling was implemented. They used a wider array of strategies and activities. In one Florida study of over forty high schools on block scheduling, â€Å"forty percent of the teachers reported less stress at school, one-third reported increased common planning time, and 80 percent noted that they preferred the block schedule to their previous schedule† (Deuel, 1999). There seem to be several perceived advantages associated with block scheduling. Overview of Perceived Disadvantages to Block Scheduling Several researchers (Dobbs, W. , 1998; Hurley, 1997; Zepeda, 1999; Staunton, 1997; Staunton and Adams, 1997; Pisapia, and Westfall, 1997; and Eineder and Bishop, 1997) reported the following perceived weaknesses and disadvantages by both students and teachers to block scheduling: Additional costs in hiring teachers.   Additional costs in adding space for teachers or the need for teachers to ‘travel’ which means he has no permanent classroom. Difficulty in making up work from absences because missing one day equivalent to missing two classes   Some classes clearly benefit from meeting every day (i. e. performing arts classes)   Need for teachers to commit to using new teaching methods   Ninety minutes is a long time to hold the attention of students   Uneven schedules in which the harder classes all end up lumped into one semester making it too difficult and the next semester too easy. The possibility that there will be a long gap in between sequential courses if they are not taken in back-to-back semesters. The primary disadvantage given by surveyed students is that the classes are too long. Students particularly gave this as a weakness when their teachers lectured for nearly all of the time period. Others noted that â€Å"bad classes are really bad when they are held for 90 minutes† (Hurley, 1997). Surveyed teachers voiced concerns about interruptions of sequential material from one semester to the next and consistency issues with students. However, teacher opinion seemed to be mixed about this issue. Some foreign language teachers feared a sequential break between levels (Scheduling Foreign Languages on the Block, 1998). Other researchers found that some schools actually showed an increase in foreign language test scores because students could take level I and level II courses in back-to-back semesters (Schoenstein, 1996). Some teachers felt more comfortable with the lecture approach and had little comfort with experimentation of teaching methods (Staunton, 1997; Staunton and Adams, 1997).

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- History, Russian Nuclear Weapon

The discovery of the nuclear missiles in Cuba was a vast turning point in the way that the world would progress in terms of communication and various entertainment and political positions from that point forward. Before the assumptions of the United States were proved about the Soviet Union holding nuclear weapons in Cuba, there was a great lack of communications between the nations that caused major conflict between these two nations. The moment the nations got connected many problems could be solved, but until that point in time, there was misunderstanding and an apprehension of the unknown among many people who inhabited the United Sates. The Cuban missile crisis was the beginning of a revolution in communications between nations, but the spark to a great deal of worry among the people of the United States and other surrounding nations. People just did not know what to believe when it came down to the effects that these nuclear weapons were going to have on the nation and the world as a whole. There was what could be considered a revolution as advancements showed up and new ideas and even cartoons came out, all with the universal basis of nuclear weapons. The positives outweigh the negatives on many levels and show that something that seemed so terrible really brought about many positive changes for the nation. The Cuban Missile Crisis began on October 14, 1962 when U-2 flight crews took photos over Cuba that were then analyzed meticulously by experts, who in turn found that there were in fact Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba (Compston, 228). The Soviet Union and the United States were exceptionally close to an all out nuclear war that could have wiped out the entire human population. Photos were taken from a spy plane... ..., there was a huge need for the Cuban Missile crisis to occur and for the missiles in Cuba to be discovered, for the reason that if it had not happened, then there would still be a lack of communication to this day, or there would have been for numerous years to come, and the nation as we know it may not still be standing. This event in history was significant because it in fact did lead to the connection of the world to each other and therefore eliminated abundant tribulations. The nations would never have been connected by something as necessary as a hotline as early as they were at the time. Ultimately, the positives outweighed the negatives in that the only true negative was fear, and this fear was the fear of the unknown. Even something that has the skin or cover of destruction and disaster can have an underlying reassurance of a positive ending or outcome.

Deception Point Page 77

â€Å"And you agreed.† â€Å"No, I refused! But an hour later, the administrator was back in my office-with the White House senior adviser!† â€Å"What!† Gabrielle looked astounded by this. â€Å"Marjorie Tench?† An awful creature, Harper thought, nodding. â€Å"She and the administrator sat me down and told me my mistake had quite literally put NASA and the President on the brink of total collapse. Ms. Tench told me about the senator's plans to privatize NASA. She told me I owed it to the President and space agency to make it all right. Then she told me how.† Gabrielle leaned forward. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"Marjorie Tench informed me that the White House, by sheer good fortune, had intercepted strong geologic evidence that an enormous meteorite was buried in the Milne Ice Shelf. One of the biggest ever. A meteorite of that size would be a major find for NASA.† Gabrielle looked stunned. â€Å"Hold on, so you're saying someone already knew the meteorite was there before PODS discovered it?† â€Å"Yes. PODS had nothing to do with the discovery. The administrator knew the meteorite existed. He simply gave me the coordinates and told me to reposition PODS over the ice shelf and pretend PODS made the discovery.† â€Å"You're kidding me.† â€Å"That was my reaction when they asked me to participate in the sham. They refused to tell me how they'd found out the meteorite was there, but Ms. Tench insisted it didn't matter and that this was the ideal opportunity to salvage my PODS fiasco. If I could pretend the PODS satellite located the meteorite, then NASA could praise PODS as a much needed success and boost the President before the election.† Gabrielle was awestruck. â€Å"And of course you couldn't claim PODS had detected a meteorite until you'd announced that the PODS anomaly-detection software was up and running.† Harper nodded. â€Å"Hence the press conference lie. I was forced into it. Tench and the administrator were ruthless. They reminded me I'd let everyone down-the President had funded my PODS project, NASA had spent years on it, and now I'd ruined the whole thing with a programming blunder.† â€Å"So you agreed to help.† â€Å"I didn't have a choice. My career was essentially over if I didn't. And the reality was that if I hadn't muffed the software, PODS would have found that meteorite on its own. So, it seemed a small lie at the time. I rationalized it by telling myself that the software would be fixed in a few months when the space shuttle went up, so I would simply be announcing the fix a little early.† Gabrielle let out a whistle. â€Å"A tiny lie to take advantage of a meteoric opportunity.† Harper was feeling ill just talking about it. â€Å"So†¦ I did it. Following the administrator's orders, I held a press conference announcing that I'd found a work-around for my anomaly-detection software, I waited a few days, and then I repositioned PODS over the administrator's meteorite coordinates. Then, following the proper chain of command, I phoned the EOS director and reported that PODS had located a hard density anomaly in the Milne Ice Shelf. I gave him the coordinates and told him the anomaly appeared to be dense enough to be a meteorite. Excitedly, NASA sent a small team up to Milne to take some drill cores. That's when the operation got very hush-hush.† â€Å"So, you had no idea the meteorite had fossils until tonight?† â€Å"Nobody here did. We're all in shock. Now everyone is calling me a hero for finding proof of extraterrestrial bioforms, and I don't know what to say.† Gabrielle was silent a long moment, studying Harper with firm black eyes. â€Å"But if PODS didn't locate the meteorite in the ice, how did the administrator know the meteorite was there?† â€Å"Someone else found it first.† â€Å"Someone else? Who?† Harper sighed. â€Å"A Canadian geologist named Charles Brophy-a researcher on Ellesmere Island. Apparently he was doing geologic ice soundings on the Milne Ice Shelf when he by chance discovered the presence of what appeared to be a huge meteorite in the ice. He radioed it in, and NASA happened to intercept the transmission.† Gabrielle stared. â€Å"But isn't this Canadian furious that NASA is taking all the credit for the find?† â€Å"No,† Harper said, feeling a chill. â€Å"Conveniently, he's dead.† 91 Michael Tolland closed his eyes and listened to the drone of the G4 jet engine. He had given up trying to think anymore about the meteorite until they got back to Washington. The chondrules, according to Corky, were conclusive; the rock in the Milne Ice Shelf could only be a meteorite. Rachel had hoped to have a conclusive answer for William Pickering by the time they landed, but her thought experiments had run into a dead end with the chondrules. As suspicious as the meteorite evidence was, the meteorite appeared to be authentic. So be it. Rachel had obviously been shaken by the trauma in the ocean. Tolland was amazed, though, by her resilience. She was focused now on the issue at hand-trying to find a way to debunk or authenticate the meteorite, and trying to assess who had tried to kill them. For most of the trip, Rachel had been in the seat beside Tolland. He'd enjoyed talking to her, despite the trying circumstances. Several minutes ago, she'd headed back to the restroom, and now Tolland was surprised to find himself missing her beside him. He wondered how long it had been since he'd missed a woman's presence-a woman other than Celia. â€Å"Mr. Tolland?† Tolland glanced up. The pilot was sticking his head into the cabin. â€Å"You asked me to tell you when we were in telephone range of your ship? I can get you that connection if you want.† â€Å"Thanks.† Tolland made his way up the aisle. Inside the cockpit, Tolland placed a call to his crew. He wanted to let them know he would not be back for another day or two. Of course, he had no intention of telling them what trouble he'd run into. The phone rang several times, and Tolland was surprised to hear the ship's SHINCOM 2100 communications system pick up. The outgoing message was not the usual professional-sounding greeting but rather the rowdy voice of one of Tolland's crew, the onboard joker. â€Å"Hiya, hiya, this is the Goya,† the voice announced. â€Å"We're sorry nobody's here right now, but we've all been abducted by very large lice! Actually, we've taken temporary shore leave to celebrate Mike's huge night. Gosh, are we proud! You can leave your name and number, and maybe we'll be back tomorrow when we're sober. Ciao! Go, ET!† Tolland laughed, missing his crew already. Obviously they'd seen the press conference. He was glad they'd gone ashore; he'd abandoned them rather abruptly when the President called, and their sitting idle at sea was crazy. Although the message said everyone had gone ashore, Tolland had to assume they would not have left his ship unattended, particularly in the strong currents where it was now anchored. Tolland pressed the numeric code to play any internal voice mail messages they'd left for him. The line beeped once. One message. The voice was the same rowdy crewmember. â€Å"Hi Mike, hell of a show! If you're hearing this, you're probably checking your messages from some swanky White House party and wondering where the hell we are. Sorry we abandoned ship, buddy, but this was not a dry-celebration kind of night. Don't worry, we anchored her really good and left the porch light on. We're secretly hoping she gets pirated so you'll let NBC buy you that new boat! Just kidding, man. Don't worry, Xavia agreed to stay onboard and mind the fort. She said she preferred time alone to partying with a bunch of drunken fishmongers? Can you believe that?† Tolland chuckled, relieved to hear someone was aboard watching the ship. Xavia was responsible, definitely not the partying type. A respected marine geologist, Xavia had the reputation for speaking her mind with a caustic honesty.

Cumulative Grade Point Average Cgpa Education Essay

This chapter consists of seven subdivisions. The first subdivision explains the background of the survey. The 2nd subdivision contains the job statement of this survey whereas the 3rd subdivision states the research aims ; which are the general and specific aims. The range of this survey is explained in the 4th subdivision while the research restrictions are explained in the 5th subdivision. Last, the significance of the survey is shown in the 6th subdivision and the decision is elaborated in the last subdivision.1.2 Background of surveyTraditionally, university pupils have subscribed to the belief that academic is of import to larn. National instruction depends on academic accomplishment because it portrays the success and failure of instruction in a state. Harmonizing to Dambudzo ( 2009 ) , late, the society has focused and emphasised more on academic accomplishment of its citizen. From that we can infer the importance of academic excellence. The grounds of success in a pupil is measured through his Accumulative Grade Point Average ( CGPA ) at the National Defense University of Malaysia ( NDUM ) therefore pupils compete one another for a higher GCPA. In a survey conducted by Oh ( 1999 ) , it was found that there is a relationship between religionism degree and academic accomplishment where high school pupils who had a high degree of religionism were more likely to hold a higher GPA than the nonreligious pupils. Several surveies at high school degree examined the addition of educational accomplishment to individual ‘s religionism ( Regnerus, 2000 ) . Therefore, religionism is of import and every pupil must hold it. NDUM is a military university but it non an alibi for the pupils in non keeping their religionism because through the research by Schumbel et Al. ( 2009 ) , religionism has been identified as an â€Å" of import construct to see in pupils ‘ academic development † . Islam positions instruction as a spiritual responsibility and an obligatory for every homo who are Muslim. In Islam, the prophesier Muhammad went through the procedure of acquisition, throughout Quran, Allah says â€Å" Read! In the Name of your Lord, who has created ( all that exists ) . Has created adult male from a coagulum. Read! And your Lord is the most generous, Who has taught ( the authorship ) by the pen, Has taught adult male that which he know non † ( Quran, 96, 1-5 ) . As Moslem pupils in NDUM, they must cognize their duties in instruction and strive hard to acquire high CGPA.1.3 Problem of statementNDUM is an Institution of Higher Education ( IPTA ) , once known as the Malaysian Armed Forces Academy ( ATMA ) . NDUM is categorised as a dress shop university because NDUM acts as an administration that is responsible for carry oning programmes of survey at undergraduate degree and military preparations. Therefore, there are topics affecting the military such as milit ary jurisprudence, military history, defence economic sciences, and defence engineering. Harmonizing to the general conditions and particular conditions to come in NDUM by the Academic Management of NDUM, the making to acquire into NDUM is tough and merely those who are first-class in SPM deserve to foster their surveies in NDUM. However, based on random informations of CGPA from officer plebe Tuah ‘s Battalion, there are 17 officer plebe still got CGPA below than & lt ; 2.5. The cardinal job of NDUM officer plebe pupils is why they can non execute during their surveies in NDUM. The past decennary has seen a considerable sum of argument on the effects of faith in the private sector and instruction. But, the larger argument is more focussed on the effects of private spiritual schools on the academic accomplishment of kids ( Chubb & A ; Moe, 1990 ) . Some of societal scientists believe faith as a factor to assist kids get the better of many of these challenges so that they excel both academically and socially ( Jeynes, 1999 ) . Then, several surveies have estimated that pupils who are without religionism are easier to affect with hazardous behavior and it can impact their academic accomplishment ( Adams, n.d. ) , so the degree of persons ‘ religionism among the pupils in NDUM is the job of the survey. Previous surveies by Elias, Awang, and Mohamed ( 2005 ) have shown that religionism is non correlated to academic accomplishment. So, it is good that the relationship between religionism and academic accomplishment is reviewed. Furthermore, the survey of single Muslim religionism is rare in research and it contributes as a job for this research.1.4 Objective of surveyThe aims of this survey are: To analyze the degree of plebes ‘ single religionism towards academic accomplishment. To analyze the relationship between intrinsic religionism and academic accomplishment. To find the relationship between extrinsic religionism and academic accomplishment.1.5 Scope of surveyThere are many researches that investigated the relationship between religionism and academic accomplishment. So far, most of the researches are on the Christian position and other faiths but non Islam. This paper will reexamine on NDUM Muslim plebes pupil in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. This survey besides will detect the causes that can impact academic accomplishment. It is hoped that the result of this survey can better Muslim plebes academic accomplishment. NDUM besides can take an action to advance and heighten faith importance to pupils ‘ lives and academic accomplishment.1.6 Research restrictionOne restriction is the focal point of this survey is limited to the single religionism in NDUM pupils towards academic accomplishment. This survey will non demo the other faiths ‘ effects on academic accomplishment of pupils i n NDUM. This paper besides did non assist overall faith of pupil at NDUM towards their academic accomplishment because it merely limited to NDUM Muslim plebes pupil in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. The chief restriction to this survey is that there are limited resources on Muslim faith towards academic accomplishment.1.7 Significance of surveyThis survey is of import to place the single religionism between the variables of the intrinsic and extrinsic toward academic accomplishment in NDUM. On the consequence will be cod can shown the effects of religionism to better the academic accomplishment among Moslem pupils in NDUM. In add-on, this survey can give academic direction of NDUM chance to better pupils ‘ public presentation in surveies. Therefore, this survey can be literature reappraisal for other people to acquire cognize about Muslim pupils towards academic public presentation. It is of import to place the intrinsic and extrinsic single religionism towards academic accomplishments of pupils in this survey. The consequences will be able to demo the effects of holding religionism and it is predicted that religionism plays an of import function of bettering pupils ‘ accomplishment. It is hoped that this survey will add to the bing literature and the universe will acquire to cognize how faith ( Islam ) plays an of import function in the academe.1.8 DecisionIn this chapter, the research worker has spelled out the background of survey and explained that the coming chapters will discourse the effects of single religionism towards academic accomplishment. In general, this chapter besides explains the background of survey and its restrictions.Chapter 2Introduction2.1 IntroductionThis chapter has seven chief subdivisions. The first subdivision will specify the conceptual footings of single religionism. The 2nd subdivision will discourse about intrinsic spiritua l and 3rd subdivision discusses extrinsic spiritual. Fourth subdivision is academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . The fifth, 6th and 7th subdivisions will be discoursing the related old surveies, theories or constructs that support the relationship. The last subdivision is the decision to this chapter.2.2. Conceptual Definitions of FootingsThis subdivision describes the conceptual definition of footings.2.2.1 ReligiosityReligiosity is known as a complex construct and is hard to specify. Harmonizing to Holdcroft ( 2006 ) religionism is an uncertainness and a complex issue because the nature of the English linguistic communication itself. For illustration, in Roget ‘s Thesaurus ( Kirkpatric, 1999 ) , religionism is found to be synonymous with such footings as devoutness, orthodoxy, religion, belief, piety, devotedness, and sanctity. These synonyms reflect dimensions of religionism instead than the footings of religionism itself. Psychologists might discussed religionism in footings of devotedness, sanctity, and piety, and sociologists described the construct of religionism in footings of church rank and church attending ( Cardwell, 1980 ) . The different usage of footings across academic subjects to place what could be thought of as similar dimensions of religionism makes it hard to discourse without an expressed definition from the point of view of spiritual instruction and the application of that cognition to the lived experience. Another ground for the complexity of religionism is every nearing religionism are from different vantage points, and few confer withing one another ( Cardwell, 1980 ) . In add-on, religionism is a complex construct in human phenomenon, and seems to cover overall portion in our life such as behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, feelings and experiences. The different footings in religionism make it difficult to sort the dimensions of religionism because every psychologists or research worker have their ain sentiment.2.2.1.1 IntrinsicAllport and Ross are the 1s who developed the intrinsic-extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale ( ROS ) based on Allport ‘s theoretical efforts. Based on old surveies by Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) , it was distinguished those who viewed their pattern of faith as a end in itself ( intrinsic orientation ) from those who viewed it instrumentally ( extrinsic orientation ) . On doctrine surveies, Zimmerman ( 2010 ) claimed that the intrinsic is the value of somet hing which is said to be the value that that thing has â€Å" in itself, † or â€Å" for its ain interest, † or â€Å" as such, † or â€Å" in its ain right. † In add-on, Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) assumed that to be a high intrinsic individual is to be a true truster in spiritual pattern for its ain interest. Then Holdcroft ( 2006 ) summarised Allport and Ross survey where he posited that a individual with intrinsic religionism is one who internalised the entire credo of his or her religion and moves beyond mere church attending. Therefore, Allport and Ross ( 1967 ) besides mentioned that intrinsic religionism refers to motivation originating from end set Forth by the spiritual tradition itself. Numerous surveies have shown that intrinsic spiritual is about human concern and how they pattern their faith for themselves.2.2.1.2 ExtrinsicExtrinsic religious is besides developed by Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) . In their research, they interpreted extrinsic religionism as a self-seeking and useful mentality on faith that provides the trusters with comfort in redemption. Therefore, they besides claimed that the persons who are disposed to utili ze faith for their ain terminals, such as position, sociableness, and excuse, and frequently selectively determine a credo to suit their ain terminals. Based the reviewed by Powell & A ; Clarke ( n.d. ) on Allport and Ross extrinsic religionism, religionism was conceived as a devoutness that is instrumental in nature, with faith used as a means to obtain an mixture of ego functioning terminals, such as personal comfort and societal wagess of both the terrestrial and heavenly assortment. Furthermore, people who were found to consist a significant proportion of the spiritual population, use faith for its intra-psychic benefits, such as increased self-pride ( Tajfel & A ; Turner, 1986 ) . Other research worker such as ( Kirkpatrick, 1989 ) besides mentioned that extrinsic religionism is a flow from the societal indorsement of one ‘s values and social-cultural worldview.2.2.2 Academic AchievementAcademic accomplishment can be defined as self-perception and self-evaluation of one ‘s nonsubjective academic success ( Klobal & A ; Musek, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the academic regulation book ( Bachelor Session of 2010/2011 ) , for the pupils who are analyzing at undergraduate degree at NDUM, they are subjected to the academic regulations of this university. Furthermore, academic accomplishment can be classified into two types measuring, grade point norm ( GPA ) and cumulative great point norm ( CGPA ) . Academic standing of pupils will be determined at the terminal of each regular semester with CGPA as shown in Table 1.Table 1 Academic StandingAcademic Standing Condition of CGPA Good Standing ( GS ) CGPA = 2.00 Conditional Standing ( CS ) 1.70 = CGPA & lt ; 2.00 Failed Position ( FS ) ( Retired ) CGPA & lt ; 1.702.3 Related Theory or Concept2.3.1 Religiosity Measurement on Intrinsic and Extrinsic DimensionsIn recent old ages, there has been an increasing sum of literature on religionism. There is a big volume of published surveies depicting the function of intrinsic and extrinsic religionism. However, Allport and Ross ( 1967 ) are the developer of the intrinsic-extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale ( ROS ) . Based on ROS, there are 11-items on the extrinsic graduated table to mensurate the extent to which persons use their faith for their ain terminals and a 9-item intrinsic graduated table to mensurate the extent to which persons live their faith.2.3.2 Religiosity Measurement on Intellectual DimensionsThe rational dimension of religionism is about religion and religion cognition. Glock and Stark ( 1965 ) stated that the five dimensions are related to rational dimensions. The dimensions are experiential, ritualistic, ideological, rational and eventful. These dimensions focus on personal religion, experience of ritualistic activity with community and a individual ‘s cognition toward faith. To proof their theory, Glock and Stark ( 1965 ) suggested to set the overall history of the faith in their literacy constituent of their trial.2.4 Research hypothesisThis research has two of import hypotheses which are: H1: Intrinsic religionism is positively related to academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . H2: Extrinsic religionism is negatively related to academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) .2.5 Conceptual ModelFrom this conceptual model, the independent variable is single religionism whereas the dependant variable is academic accomplishment. Intrinsic and extrinsic religionism are straight formed single religionism. Independent Variable ( IV ) Dependent Variable ( DV )Figure 1: Conceptual Model2.6 Literature reappraisal2.6.1 Related Previous Study2.6.1.1 Scholastic Incentives and Educational Perceived Value ; the Role of Religion in Muslim Students ‘ Achievement Strivings by Ibrahim ( 2012 )This survey was conducted by Ibrahim, ( 2012 ) . It aimed to measure the perceptual experience factor and the function of faith in the Muslim pupils ‘ accomplishment nisuss at the matriculation pupils of the International Islamic University Malaysia. All respondents in this survey are from the 2nd twelvemonth where471 pupils were indiscriminately selected from the matriculation section at the International Islamic University. The method that was used in this survey is Rasch Analysis, which is to place whether religionism is the factor which controls respondents ‘ engagement in Academic exercises where it is followed by instrumentality ( long-run benefit ) or the public-service corporation fa ctor ( short-run benefit ) . Consequences of this survey showed that faith as one of the factor of major inducement of Muslim pupils towards academic exercisings, followed by long-run benefit.2.6.1.2 Examining Religiosity and Its Relationship to Self-Control, Procrastination and Academic Achievement by Elias et Al. ( 2005 )This research examined the relationship between Islamic religionism degree and ego control, cunctation, academic control and academic accomplishment by Elias et Al. ( 2005 ) . The survey was conducted in North University of Malaysia ; the respondents are 23 male and 122 female undergraduate pupils from research method category. The research worker examined the construct of will or ‘will-power ‘ from the Islamic position and compared it to the Western position. They use Muslim musabarah graduated table to mensurate an person ‘s degree of will harmonizing to Islamic position. The consequence is there are no important correlativities in both measuri ng of cunctation and between religionism and academic accomplishment but correlated to self-denial and sensed academic control.2.6.1.3 The Impact of Religiosity and Locus of Control on Academic Achievement in College Students by Adams ( n.d. )In the research by ( Adams, n.d. ) the relationship between religionism and venue of control on academic accomplishment in college pupils was examined. The respondents of this survey are 68 college pupils. The method that was used in this research is religiosity graduated table, venue of control graduated table, an academic accomplishment graduated table, and spiritual attitude graduated table. The concluding consequence found no relationship between venue of control and religionism utilizing the Rotter and Strayhorn graduated tables.2.6.1.4 The impact of faith on the educational accomplishment of Black male childs: A UK and USA survey by Byfield ( 2008 )Recently, Black boys in the United Kingdom and the USA have job with instruction. However, many Black male childs still can accomplish and get the better of the job. Therefore, Byfield ( 2008 ) did a research about the educationally successful Black males in the United Kingdom and the USA which involved 40 Black male pupils from both new and ancient universities. The intent of this survey is to bespeak whether faith is a conducive factor to the educational success of Black male pupils. The survey found that most of these pupils are spiritual and the church community plays a function to implement cultural and societal capital and their belief in God, it became important parts to these Black male pupils academic accomplishment.2.7 DecisionThis chapter has discussed the definitions of single religionism, intrinsic spiritual, extrinsic spiritual and academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . Besides that, the old survey and related theory have been used to back up the direct relationship of single religionism and academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . The undermentioned chapter will disc ourse the methodological analysis of the survey.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 IntroductionThis chapter is divided into six subdivisions. The first subdivision will discourse the debut while 2nd subdivision will discourse the research design in this survey. Data aggregation techniques will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision. The 4th subdivision will be on research location, population and trying while the 5th subdivision will be on the information analysis technique. The last subdivision is the decision of this chapter.3.2 Research DesignThis survey will utilize quantitative method. Quantitative method is the survey of utilizing informations in the signifier of Numberss. Form questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents and the replies will be received by the research worker and analyse through a quantitative analysis. The measurement tool that will be used is the statistical package that is the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) . Five-point Likert graduated table w ill be used to analyze the relationship between single religionism and academic accomplishment.3.3 Data Collection MethodThe questionnaires will be distributed to the pupils by giving the signifiers to category representatives and they will assist administer and roll up the questionnaires during the larning procedure in the schoolroom. The pupils are asked to take some clip to make full out the questionnaire and reply the inquiries, and so return the completed questionnaires to their category representatives. Consequently, the research worker will reach the representatives to roll up the studies and so informations from the questionnaire will be analysed.3.4 Research SamplingThe research samples are NDUM Muslim plebes in twelvemonth one, two, and three Human Resource Management Faculty of Defense. The entire figure of cadet pupil is 182 pupils. Table 2 shows the figure of pupils in conformity with their several twelvemonth. This survey will utilize graded simple random sampling because NDUM Muslim plebes in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. Harmonizing to Uma & A ; Roger ( 2011 ) , stratified random sampling is to gauge the population parametric quantities of a group or subgroup. Table 2: The figure of cadet pupils harmonizing to their twelvemonth Old ages Entire Students 1 108 2 43 3 31 Entire 182Research InstrumentThe instrument to be used in this survey is a questionnaire. The instrument consists of Section A, Section B and Section C. Section A contains four inquiries in the signifier of personal and demographic features. These include age, gender, old ages of surveies, and last semester grade point norm ( CGPA ) . Section B contains 23 points refering the degree of single religionism in intrinsic and extrinsic factors utilizing Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) measuring. In add-on, Section C consists of 5 points in the questionnaire related to academic accomplishment by Martha ( 2009 ) . The questionnaire will utilize Likert Scale which has 5 points from ‘Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree ‘ . 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree3.6 Data Analysis MethodData analysis method is the procedure where when all informations collected, it will analyze informations in phases by utilizing quantitative methods analysis. These methods are chosen to summarize the consequences of the questionnaire. Datas from the analysis of paperss and questionnaires will be analysed utilizing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS version 19.0 ) .3.7 DecisionOverall, this chapter discusses the research design, informations aggregation method, research sampling, and research instrument and informations analysis method. The description of the research is based on the analysis of each point every bit good as all facets of the survey. All the consequences from the analysis of informations processed and analysed utilizing SPSS will be explained in item in Chapter 4.

Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology Essays

Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology Essays Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology Paper Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology Paper Anthropology vs Sociology  Research Methods These studies that span over a period of years to decades, have the capability to allow collection of a large amount of data over time. Having this additional data can help prove or disprove hypothesis related to changes in the data over time. In Cross Sectional Studies, scientists study a group of individuals with similar traits or characteristics In one observation, at a single time. This method provides Immediate data to analyze. The downside of a Cross Sectional Study Is that there is not much data collected that can show cause and effect. Longitudinal Studies are a form of observational study, where no manipulation of the study or subjects takes place. There are both positives and negatives to the Longitudinal Study. One of the positives, as mentioned earlier, is the study ability to collect large amounts of data. This data can be used to prove or disprove a hypothesis related to change over time. For example, the longest running longitudinal study Is Tartans little geniuses, this study has spanned well over 75 years. IN 1921, Dry. Lewis M. Termed, a Stanford university psychologist and a pioneer of the I. Q. Test, scoured Californians schools to identify 1,521 children who scored 135 or over on his new intelligence test, the Stanford-Bines. Additional interviews were conducted every 5 to 10 years on each of the study participants. Over the years more than 100 scientific articles and almost a dozen books have been based on the Termed data. (Coleman) It was not the Initial purpose of the study to produce so much research for review, but due to the length of time allowed for data collection, researchers were able to deduce the information. Cultural Anthropology is another form of Social Science that looks at he cultural influences in a population. P until the 20th century the studies were largely focused on primitive cultures in non-westernizes civilizations. Focusing on human natures more primal instincts and how they ultimately effect the groups, or community culture. Two research methods utilized in Cultural Anthropology are Participant Observation and Interviews or Questionnaires. Unlike other forms of research, in participant observation, the researcher can interact with the participants. They may choose immerse themselves into the culture in addition to only observing, in order to gain report and provide a better understanding. When administering interviews or questionnaires, an informal interview approach is preferred. Oftentimes allowing an open dialogue where conversation can continue Deck Ana Torn, wall prove more International tan ten Dalai Ana went answers AT a questionnaire. When performing interviews or providing a questionnaire to subjects, information can oftentimes be one-sided. This methodology has limited data collection ability, in that answers are typically in response to close ended questions and do not allow the participant to elaborate. The data collected by interviews can be more informative by allowing the interviewers to ask open ended questions and ask the subject to elaborate on specific answers. Each of these methods has their strengths. In Cultural Anthropology, the focus is to understand the subjects completely; to determine what drives the culture of the group. When researchers are allowed to immerse themselves in the culture of that group, they gain additional understanding and insight. By following the steps of participant observation the researcher can establish a rapport with the population ND gain additional information through trust. Additionally, the researcher will experience the groups way of life which will also add to further understanding. There are several steps to participant observation after you have established rapport within the group, second you do as they do. Simply put, you try to live as the group you are observing is living; learn customs, rituals and routines. During this process continue to make observations and record them. The observations you record are then analyzed at the end of the study. One important step for the researcher is to determine the level of immersion. If the researcher immerses themselves too deeply objectivity could be lost and the study results could be biased or skewed. Participant Observation is the primary mode of study in Cultural Anthropology due to its ability to provide a large amount of data, show cause and effect and generally be unbiased. Longitudinal Studies in Sociology and Participant Observation in Cultural Anthropology have their similarities. Both studies are a form of qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the researcher designing the study, then collecting and analyzing the data. Continuity in the researcher is important to the study as there is a relationship established between them and the study participants. In Tartans Study, three generations of researchers have managed the study participants in 75 years. Each director has established themselves with the participants and continued the focus of the research. In observational studies, especially those in which the researcher practices immersion, continuity is crucial to the rapport established within the group. That researcher or group of researchers, are collecting data based on their experiences while living within the group. If a researcher only stayed a day or two before trading off with someone else, they would not have time to develop that relationship and could possibly miss collecting valuable data. Contrastingly, each of these methods of research are used differently. When used in Sociology the focus is that of social interactions between groups or within groups of people. How do people interact with each other, what causes them to act the way that they do? In Cultural Anthropology the culture itself is studied. The deep underlying motives for rituals, community hierarchies and beliefs. In a longitudinal study, the researchers follow the participants through their lifetimes, they do not integrate into their life, they do not try to immerse themselves. They simply observe, periodically checking in on the subject at intervals determined to produce an additional data set. For Sociology, perhaps Tanat Interval Is In canola, adolescence Ana can apneas AT adults Perhaps the observations being made are in relation to social development of a male child raised by a single mom? Does the boy have aggressive tendencies, seek male influence, and have difficulty with relationships? All of this information can be collected throughout the length of the study and deductions can be made from the data. The researcher does not insert themselves into the boys life. They merely make observations. They do not directly interfere with the boys development or environment. In an observational study, thats exactly what the researcher must do. They must essentially infiltrate the cultural group in which they choose to study. The researcher still must be mindful to not directly interfere, but allowing some immersion will aid in the researchers ability to understand and subsequently interpret the data collected. Each method works as it is intended; each method of observation are frequently used in all areas of research and can be applied in many different ways. As mentioned previously, one single study has managed to produce over 100 separate pieces of work. Many methods of data collection seemingly overlap and its up to the researchers in these studies to be aware of the parameters and stay within the boundaries of the study. Doing so will create more factual data to interpret and allow the observations to be recreated, tested and proven.

The Roman creation myth

The Roman creation myth Almost every community, country, religion or culture in the world has its sacred stories or a body of myths which explains their origin as well as that of the world, values, beliefs and operating principles which are supposed to be respected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman creation myth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies indicate that since time immemorial, mythologies have been accorded maximum respect. Arena (2007) points out in her article that there are two major creation myths. These are the Roman and Greek creation mythologies. It is against this scope that this paper examines the Roman creation myth and how it has been reflected in the history of the Romans. Arena (2007) posits that the Roman mythology offers two types of creation myths. However, the most common myth indicates that before creation of the heavens, the sea and the earth were made and whatever existed could only be described as l ifeless, disorganized and shapeless matter. The myth further indicates that there were chaos everywhere and massive opposition were witnessed in instances where cold conflicted with hot, dry with wet, light with heavy and soft with hard. Arena further states that out that confusion, a higher force, which the Romans refer to as a god appeared and resolved the conflict (Arena, 2007). Some of the activities that this god did included separating the heavens from the earth, parting waters to form dry land, detaching the clouds to obtain clear air and ensuring that everything was organized to form a balanced union. Flannery  (2006) concurs with Arena’s argument and adds in his article Religions of the ancient world: A Guide that this god resolved the chaotic mass by setting order, putting them into components and organizing them into a harmonious unit. In addition, Flannery  (2006) continues to observe that this god then shaped the earth into a ball and later caused the seas to spread in all directions. The earth was then organized into five zones similar to the organization in heaven which has two regions on the left, two on the right and a central one. This earth was then hanged in the air amidst clouds, mists and thunder bolts. Flannery adds that the Roman god assigned purpose and limits to four winds around the earth and formed stars to shine across the sky during darkness. Of great importance in the myth was the birth of man. Arena (2007) points out that either god made him from divine seeds and put him on earth or Prometheus used a clump of earth separated from ether to make man in the image of gods. Despite the lack of clarity on who created man, it is important to note from the myth that the man who was created was different from animals in the sense that he gazed up to the heavens and not towards the ground like other animals.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In her publication, Helmer (2006) indicates that certain people believe that the Roman mythology was created in 12th BC after the Asia-Greece War. Aeneus who was a popular and very strong soldier of the Greek army led his team to victory against Asia after which he moved Italy and founded Rome. He met new gods there and together with his cultural background, formed a mythology that explains the creation of Rome. Another creation myth Helmer points concerns Remus and Romulus who were two Greek men who were products of the relationship between Rhea Silvia, a mortal woman and God Mars. These two men lived with their uncle after losing their parents but this did not last long since their uncle thought of killing them to assume the power their father possessed. In the conflict, Romulus survived and escaped to a new land which he named Rome (753 BC) and became its King (Helmer, 2006). It is important to note that like many other societies in the world today, the Romans had their list of deities with each performing a role. Some of them included Apollo the god of music, prophecy and sun; Jupiter, the supreme king; Vulcan, the god of fire and Mithras, the god of light and sun among others. Lin (2010) argues that in the Roman mythology, there were 21 gods who represented not only the earth, but those who lived in it. This was because these gods related to touchable objects like water and untouchable ones like prosperity, peace, beliefs and feelings. Of all the gods, those with authority over others were Minerva and Jupiter. They also represented imaginations and did not have a physical appearance. Lin continues to indicate that it was until the 6th century BC that the Roman gods were given physical appearances (Lin, 2010). A figure showing Roman Gods Since creation, the Romans have worshipped their gods throughout their history at communal and individual levels. At the individual level, a person or a family offered prayers at home for blessi ngs or food, while communally, groups of people would congregate for a communal celebration (James, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman creation myth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their beliefs for gods were held with respect. For instance, they believed in Vesta, the goddess who protected the earth and showed honor to her by throwing small pieces of cake to the fire. Other forms of worship to the god of agriculture for massive harvest include offerings of wine and corn meal at the graves where family members are buried (James, 2004). To sum up, it is evident that the Romans have a body of creation myths that explains their origin, values and the kind of worship they have today. The Roman gods are important deities among the Romans due to the unique roles each play in life and on earth. Additionally, the various versions of the myths are almost unanimously agreeing that the gods created the universe and that it is part of the creation and demands respect and honor from human beings. References Arena,  V.  (2007). The myths of Rome. Phoenix,  61(3/4),  375-377. Flannery,  F.  (2006). Religions of the ancient world: A Guide. Journal of the American Oriental Society,  126(1),  125-127. Helmer, D.   (2006). The Lincoln library of Greek and Roman mythology.  Reference User Services Quarterly,  46(1),  74-75. James, Stuart.   (2004). A Comprehensive Dictionary if Gods, Goddesses, Demigods, and Other Subjects in Greek and Roman Mythology. Reference Reviews,  18(8),  11-12. Lin,  Y.  (2010). Separation of heaven and man and oneness of heaven and man: the relationship between divine and man from genesis 1-3 and creation myths in ancient Chinese texts.  Journal of Sino Western Communications,  2(1),  1-11.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Biography of Amedeo Avogadro, Italian Scientist

Biography of Amedeo Avogadro, Italian Scientist Amedeo Avogadro (August 9, 1776–July 9, 1856) was an Italian scientist known for his research on gas volume, pressure, and temperature. He formulated the gas law known as Avogadros law, which states that all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules per volume. Today, Avogadro is considered an important early figure in atomic theory. Fast Facts: Amedeo Avogadro Known For: Formulating the experimental gas law known as Avogadros lawBorn: August 9, 1776 in Turin, ItalyDied: July 9, 1956 in Turin, ItalyPublished Works: Essai dune manià ¨re de dà ©terminer les masses relatives des molà ©cules à ©là ©mentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons  (Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies and the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations)Spouse: Felicita Mazzà ©Children: Six Early Life Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro was born into a family of distinguished Italian lawyers in 1776. Following in his familys footsteps, he studied ecclesiastical law and began to practice on his own before eventually turning his attention to the natural sciences. In 1800, Avogadro began private studies in physics and mathematics. His very first experiments were conducted with his brother on the subject of electricity. Career In 1809, Avogadro started teaching the natural sciences in a liceo (high school) in Vericelli. It was in Vericelli, while experimenting with gas densities, that Avogadro noticed something surprising: the combination of two volumes of hydrogen gas with one volume of oxygen gas produced two volumes of water vapor. Given the understanding of gas densities at the time, Avogadro had expected the reaction to produce only one volume of water vapor. That the experiment produced two lead him to surmise that oxygen particles consisted of two atoms (he actually used the word molecule). In his writings, Avogadro referred to three different types of molecules: integral molecules (most similar to what scientists call molecules today), constituent molecules (those that are part of an element), and elementary molecules (similar to what scientists now call atoms). His study of such elementary particles was highly influential in the field of atomic theory. Avogadro was not alone in his study of gases and molecules. Two other scientists- English chemist John Dalton and French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac- were also exploring these topics around the same time, and their work had a strong influence on him. Dalton is best remembered for articulating the basics of atomic theory- that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Gay-Lussac is best remembered for his eponymous gas pressure-temperature law. Avogadro wrote a memoria (concise note) in which he described the experimental gas law that now bears his name. He sent this memoria to De Lamà ©theries Journal de Physique, de Chemie et dHistoire naturelle, and it was published in the July 14, 1811 issue. Though his discovery is now considered a foundational aspect of chemistry, it did not receive much notice in his time. Some historians believe that Avogadros work was overlooked because the scientist worked in relative obscurity. Although Avogadro was aware of his contemporaries discoveries, he did not move in their social circles and he did not begin corresponding with other major scientists until late in his career. Very few of Avogadros papers were translated into English and German during his lifetime. Additionally, his ideas were likely neglected because they contradicted those of more famous scientists. In 1814, Avogadro published a memoria about gas densities, and in 1820 he became the first chair of mathematical physics at the University of Turin. As a member of a government commission on weights and measures, he helped introduce the metric system to the Piedmont region of Italy. The standardization of measurements made it easier for scientists in different regions to understand, compare, and evaluate each others work. Avogadro also served as a member of the Royal Superior Council on Public Instruction. Personal Life Not much is known about Avogadros private life. In 1815, he married Felicita Mazzà ©; the couple had six children. Some historical accounts indicate that Avogadro sponsored and aided a group of people planning a revolution on the island of Sardinia, which was ultimately stopped by the concession of Charles Alberts modern Constitution (Statuto Albertino). Because of his alleged political actions, Avogadro was removed as a  professor at the University of Turin. However, doubts remain as to the nature of Avogadros association with the Sardinians. In any case, increasing acceptance of both revolutionary ideas and Avogadros work led to his reinstatement at the University of Turin in 1833. Death In 1850, Avogadro retired from the University of Turin at the age of 74. He died on July 9, 1856. Legacy Avogadro is best known today for his eponymous gas law, which states that equal volumes of gasses, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Avogadros hypothesis wasnt generally accepted until 1858 (two years after Avogadros death)  when the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to explain why there were some organic chemical exceptions to Avogadros hypothesis. Cannizzaro helped clarify some of Avogadros ideas, including his view of the relationship between atoms and molecules. He also provided empirical evidence by calculating the molecular (atomic) weights of various substances. One of the most important contributions of Avogadros work was his resolution of the confusion surrounding atoms and molecules (although he didnt use the term atom). Avogadro believed that particles could be composed of molecules and that molecules could be composed of still simpler units (which we now call atoms). The number of molecules in a mole (one gram molecular weight) was termed Avogadros number (sometimes called Avogadros constant) in honor of Avogadros theories. Avogadros number has been experimentally determined to be 6.023x1023 molecules per gram-mole. Sources Datta, N. C.  The Story of Chemistry. Universities Press, 2005.Morselli, Mario.  Amedeo Avogadro: a Scientific Biography. Reidel, 1984.

Dispute Resolution Process Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dispute Resolution Process Paper - Essay Example Presently, the dispute resolution process in my organization is largely guided by the conditions as mentioned in the appointment letters or contracts as devised and executed by the company’s top brass managers. The process is modeled in a top down fashion, where in the case of a dispute issues are resolved professionally on the basis of the hierarchic positions of the disputing individuals. Such a dispute resolution paradigm can, thus, be identified as a human resource management based organized process guided in the conventional lines of conflict management. In a more complicated conflict situation, the company prefers to act along the â€Å"Dunlopian integrated system† (Colvin 2012, p. 459) of dispute resolution. Suggestible Alternative Dispute Resolution Approaches Alternative dispute resolution processes that can be suggested in this context involve essentially individualized considerations and concepts. As a whole, the current dispute resolution system of my organi zation is based on older concepts of industrial relations. But in the 21st century, individualized labor management appears to be more practical and potentially productive. At the first place, information and communication technology (ICT) has revolutionized present day workplace. Now there is a lot more scope of one to one interactions between peers. Also, superiors can interact with their subordinates on an individual basis with the help of techniques like social networking, online chatting, etc. Brett et al (2007) have explained the importance and inevitability of the utilization of ICT methods for resolving disputes and facilitating the dialogue in case there is a conflict. Further in my personal opinion, I believe that a policy of talking to the other party first can settle disputes before they surface. According to Colvin (2012), the new labor management conception in the USA is a lot more individualized. As such, emotional quotient and soft skills too can be highly fruitful a nd can help us before disputes reach serious dimensions. In the case of a conflict, if everyone is groomed to be good listeners beforehand, then we, the employees, can start a dialogue process on our own without an actual intervention of the higher management. Recommended Areas of Improvement There are two main recommended areas of improvement. Firstly, I think that my organization should now implement available ICT techniques more seriously with the specific consideration to the issues as related to the greater dispute resolution paradigm. For example, if the higher managers give at least a weekly feedback to their subordinates in a regular and periodic manner, then the subordinate staff can have a better understanding of both the good and bad things they do. And to facilitate such a kind of ICT powered individualized process of a periodic communication; we can induct ideas from the work of the scholars like Brett et al (2007). Secondly, the higher management should now consider ar ranging training sessions for the staff. All the staff must be given classroom lessons in soft skills at least once in a fortnight. In the view of the new labor management paradigm that gives an excessive importance to one to contact and dialogue, an increasing emotional quotient is critical and special soft skills training for all the staff of different departments can be rewarding. Another important aspect of necessary dispute resolution techniques might involve contract management set along strictly legal lines. My organization has set up contractual agreements with several workers. So, particularly in case of employment conflicts and confusions, the actual contract documents can be referred to. Scholars like Faems et al (2008) have given contextual suggestions

Human sexuality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human sexuality - Term Paper Example The results showed that higher self-reported stress in life were associated with low levels of sexual activity and satisfaction and also a decrease in relationship satisfaction (Wright, 2000). According to the study, hypoactive sexual desire in many couples has been seen as only a problem in old couples but also it has been seen in young and middle-aged couples. Sexual difficulties especially low libido has been a susceptible indicator for low relationship satisfaction and other marital problems. Tension created by relationships can be evident earlier than negative ratings of the relationship(Bodenmann, 2013). Theorists and sexual therapists has assumed that stressors may be important factors that involves in decreasing sexual activity in couples and therefore lowering sexual satisfaction. Other studies show that substantial and persistent sexual disorders especially those associated with low sexual desires are linked to major stressors. The study showed that less knowledge is available on the impact of daily hassles that usually originates from outside close relationships on sexual behavior and satisfaction. Human disorders related to sex was also found to be a greater c hallenge on sexual behavior. Sexual desire disorders such as sexual arousal disorder e.g. erectile disorders in men and orgasmic disorder in females were noted to be a significant incremental effect of self-reported stress on sexual problems. Low sexual desires among the many people were also as a result of exhaustion and tiredness. Arguments among the married were also recorded as other causes of low desires in sex (Bodenmann, 2013). The following valuables (stress, sexual activity, sexual satisfaction, and sexual fulfillment as well as individual dyadic coping behaviors) were also assessed and evaluated on weekly basis on diaries and the participant asked to complete diaries on their self- related stress on basis of sexual satisfaction. And it was found that stress

ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ETHICS - Essay Example Engineering concerns with construction of structures and these structures are not used by their customers alone. The product of the work of engineers is not also solely used by his or her employers but by the customer and many other groups of people. This is particularly true in public structures where the structure will be used by the general public. Thus, unlike in any other profession, the stakeholders in engineering profession are many but the most important stakeholder of an engineer’s work is the general public and this explains why the first and foremost obligation of a registered professional engineer is to the satisfy public welfare. The stakeholders in engineering are not just those who invest monetarily in projects or construction works but more importantly, the public who uses those constructions where they rely on it for their use or for their safety. Thus, before anything or anyone else, the public’s welfare must be considered first in the profession of

Ethic's - The concept of truth telling in cancer patients receiving Essay

Ethic's - The concept of truth telling in cancer patients receiving palliative chemotherapy and the impact on nurse-patient relationships - Essay Example ned by the performance of nursing functions with outmost care and diligence but that it moves toward the moral perception and awareness of nursing care. With this shift in the appreciation of nursing care – from performance of duties to moral perception of nursing care - the centrality of the nurse –patient relationship becomes more poignant and pivotal in the understanding of nursing (Gastmans et al, 1998; ; Covington 2005). In the context of nursing care perceived not just as a performance of duty but as a moral awareness, nurses rise up to the demands of care, respect and achieving the goal of holistic well-being for the patient. Thus, nurse-patient relationship opens a â€Å"comportment of the self towards others, which has the inherent goal of enhancing the existence of those others† (van Hooft 1999, p 190). However, the nurse-patient relationship is often plagued with quandaries that time and again challenges nursing care. One of these dilemmas that nurses have to contend with as they practise the profession day in and day out is truth telling in the context of patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy. Recognising the importance of truth telling in the nurse-patient relationship and the dilemma that nurses frequently encounter with it, this paper will look into the concept of truth telling in relation with patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy. In lieu of the significance of truth telling in nurse-patient relationship, this paper aims to understand the intricacies of truth telling vis-a- vis nurse-patient relationship. It intends to gain deeper comprehension of utilitarianism, deontology and the four basic ethical principles of justice, autonomy, non-malfeasance and beneficence. Finally, to attain a clearer comprehension of the impact of truth telling in the nurse-patient relationship in the cancer setting (palliative chemotherapy). As this paper will look into the concept of truth telling vis-a-vis nurse-patient relationship in the context

People who are under 21 should not allowed to drive Research Paper

People who are under 21 should not allowed to drive - Research Paper Example These precautions can help saving 1,700 accidental injuries and 200 deaths from speed driving in a year. Rash driving needs to be controlled, as similar driving limits also apply in countries like New Zealand, Australia, and some regions in the US as well (Triggle par. 1-3). Although overall deaths from accidents have been on the decrease but the teenage habit of listening to music while driving is a big accidental risk. This bad habit of listening to music through MP3 players and iPods while driving has been acknowledged for awareness purpose by the Tune into Traffic campaign (Triggle par. 5). Teenagers go a step ahead by not just listening to music while driving, but also texting messages, which is a relatively bigger risk on the road for causing of road accidents. Incidentally, there has been a significant check on road accidents, reaching to an all-time low, but still 2,222 deaths were reported due to road accidents the previous year (Triggle par. 5). Teenage accidents cause loss of gasoline, life, and money, as they develop a habit of driving just for the fun of driving, which is a leading cause of wastage of gasoline. Gasoline being a limited natural resource, a check on its wastage by not allowing driving licenses till they reach the age of 21 can help in saving this resource. The practice of graduated driving licensing can save many accidents from occurring. Otherwise also, road accidents cause huge loss of money as well, as a reduction in accident rates in the UK can relieve the economy from the financial burden amounting to  £890m (Triggle par. 8-11). We should stop teenagers from driving for their own benefit and for the benefit of other society stakeholders. Actually, teenagers have other alternatives to reach their destinations. Teenagers should use the available public transportation system, such as buses to reach their destination. There is no logic in going privately when buses are

Criminal Judicial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Judicial System - Essay Example The criminal courts have also being accused of the wrongful conviction, there have been cases where courts have issued unexpected verdicts, and therefore the morale of the people has diminished. In Canada, there have been instances where the people have lodged strong opposition against the ruling of the criminal courts, as a result, 'judges in some jurisdictions being sent on a three days course on avoiding wrongful convictions' (Felix, 2006). The important factor that has to be addressed is the reasons which have been responsible for the corrupt and manipulated verdicts and the proceedings of the courts. The reasons attributed towards the failure of the criminal court in the dispersion of justice have been the over-confident statements and stands of the witnesses, there have been cases where bogus prosecution experts were hired, and therefore the dispensation of justice was halted. ... The domain of the high profile case includes the involvement and participation of the press and the police. The criminal judicial system is also affected by the public opinion. It has been observed that there have been cases where the prominent figures were accused of crimes, but because those prominent figures enjoyed good public opinion, the courts were bound to respect the public opinion, else serious communal riots could have initiated. In past several religious authorities were accused of crimes, and the evidences were strongly against them, but because the government expected that a retaliation from the local population, therefore the criminal courts were influenced and were forced to acquit the accused religious personnel, therefore there is a need to ensure not only internal transparency, but the role of the external forces should be minimal and only then the performance of the criminal judicial system can improve (Lester, 2005). Discussion The criminal justice system has empowered the prosecutor to deplore and condemn the defense, and has the right to inlfuence the verdict, and identifies the nature and severity of the punishment. The particular problem with reference to the criminal justice system has been the 'historical legacy of assimilation' (Felix, 2006), and traces of which are related 'to the impact of European assimilation'. The economic, social and political life of the aboriginal people experienced silent revolution and silent imposition of command and authority deeply influenced their behavior and practices, and therefore their life style and perspective varied greatly. The criminal justice system has failed to incorporate allowances towards such adjustment, and has undertaken ignorant approach

People who are under 21 should not allowed to drive Research Paper

People who are under 21 should not allowed to drive - Research Paper Example These precautions can help saving 1,700 accidental injuries and 200 deaths from speed driving in a year. Rash driving needs to be controlled, as similar driving limits also apply in countries like New Zealand, Australia, and some regions in the US as well (Triggle par. 1-3). Although overall deaths from accidents have been on the decrease but the teenage habit of listening to music while driving is a big accidental risk. This bad habit of listening to music through MP3 players and iPods while driving has been acknowledged for awareness purpose by the Tune into Traffic campaign (Triggle par. 5). Teenagers go a step ahead by not just listening to music while driving, but also texting messages, which is a relatively bigger risk on the road for causing of road accidents. Incidentally, there has been a significant check on road accidents, reaching to an all-time low, but still 2,222 deaths were reported due to road accidents the previous year (Triggle par. 5). Teenage accidents cause loss of gasoline, life, and money, as they develop a habit of driving just for the fun of driving, which is a leading cause of wastage of gasoline. Gasoline being a limited natural resource, a check on its wastage by not allowing driving licenses till they reach the age of 21 can help in saving this resource. The practice of graduated driving licensing can save many accidents from occurring. Otherwise also, road accidents cause huge loss of money as well, as a reduction in accident rates in the UK can relieve the economy from the financial burden amounting to  £890m (Triggle par. 8-11). We should stop teenagers from driving for their own benefit and for the benefit of other society stakeholders. Actually, teenagers have other alternatives to reach their destinations. Teenagers should use the available public transportation system, such as buses to reach their destination. There is no logic in going privately when buses are

Process of (research) investigation of geodetic Engineering for the Thesis Proposal - 1

Process of (research) investigation of geodetic Engineering for the designing of high speed (train) main railway line - Thesis Proposal Example In many instances, high speed trains reconsidered cost effective as compared to road transport. This is partially due to the volume of the train, which carries a large number of people at a time. Similarly, trains do not encounter traffic as they have exceptional rail lines. Therefore, use of geodetic railway constitution is a positive approach towards improvement of the railway connection (Torge, 2001). Banking on this system would improve the railway transport to a high notch. In making this a reality, transport engineers have to embark on various activities that are geared towards establishment of an affordable transport system. First, they have to engineer tracks, where the transport system will be based. These tracks are made through all the basic terminals. The issue of making terminals is to ease movement of the people from one place to another. Apparently, terminals are the places where people wait to board the transport system. Therefore, terminals that are centrally placed make it easier to access the transport system. This is followed by analyzing and designing all the models that are required in the transport system. This includes land, air and sea. This will ensure the transport system is not affected by these natural features. For instance, some railway tracks are drilled through mountains, tunnels and rocks (Sansà ², 2006). This is an involving task which requires highly credentialed engineers. Therefore, engineers have to plan, design, and manage and operate the railway system at high standards while offering top notch services. Geodetic engineers have a task in using technology to make an improvement in the railway system. They use various technologies to measure and develop inventory research on land and other resources to ensure each is not affected while constructing rails. However, many of these factors were not considered during the construction of railway lines. As such, many

The female monster Essay Example for Free

The female monster Essay Mary Shelley has constructed her gothic novel, Frankenstein, to include an array of passive female leads. This would not be unheard of in 1818, however Shelley was the daughter of an important feminist, and she herself possessed many of these same values and perspectives. With that in mind it can easily been understood that Shelley has constructed her novel to purposely be almost devoid of strong female leads in order criticise the social stereotypes of her time and the women who conformed to these, while the men in their lives dominated them. Shelley directly contrasts her passive characters to that of Safie, who is a relative success story compared with the fate of the other female characters. Safie embodies the life that women can have if they challenge their inferior role in society and this can be shown through analyses and comparisons of and between her and characters such as Justine, Caroline, Elizabeth and the female creature. Safie is used to highlight the passivity of the other female characters. She contradicts the stereotype that women should adopt a mother-like role as a carer and guardian. She challenges the domesticated, family orientated and victimised imagery of women who are dependant on men to support their lifestyle. Safies contradictory personality is shown through certain quotes in the novel, such as when it is stated that, When alone, Safie resolved in her own mind the plan of conduct that it would be her to pursue. The use of the phrase resolvedin her own mind indicates a level of individual thought that the other females do not posses due to the restraints placed on them by society and the men who exert control over them. A strong contrast can be made between the characterisation of Safie in comparison to other female characters in the novel. This was done with purposeful intent to convey that women can be equal if they challenge their social stereotypes. Of course Safie still displays feminine qualities, which can be seen in Frankenstein when she nurses her ill attendant with devoted attention a compassionate trait that conforms to the expectations of women. Despite this, Safie still remains the only surviving female protagonist of Frankenstein, thus being the embodiment of what women are able to accomplish if only they were to be brave enough to break free of their restraints and strive for change. Justine Moritz is an example of a submissive female character that conforms to societys expectations that women should be weak, beautiful and unrecognised as an important part of society. Justine is the target of pity from both the audience and other characters in the text from the very start because she was rescued from a broken family with an abusive mother and dying siblings. Justine is then wrongly accused of the murder of William Frankenstein; however, despite her innocence she confesses to the crime because it is what is expected of her. Justine represents the stereotype of how women are expected to be well endowed in appearance and she is often described by other characters as very clever and gentle and extremely pretty and Elizabeth spoke of Justines softness and winning mildness. These traits are all representations of Justines conformity to societys expectations. Throughout her trial, Justine makes little effort to protest her innocence and accepts false guilt for the crime, God knows how entirely I am innocent. But I do not pretend that my protestations should acquit me. This is also supported when she states, I must be condemned, although I would pledge my salvation on my innocence. Justine confesses because of her weakness under the judgemental glare of society, and is executed as a result. Through Justines experiences, Mary Shelley is highlighting the negative consequences of giving in to the pressures of society. Shelley is showing that if Justine was to have remained strong and protested her unjust trial, which was a direct result of her gender, then she may have been able to save herself and place the seed of doubt within the judgemental stereotypes of society, to rise above the oppression placed upon her by men. This contrasts with the assertive nature of Safie, who does not allow herself to be oppressed by the men in her life, mainly her father, and instead chooses to create a fate of her own choosing. Even less significant, but still present is the female monster, so passive it does not even achieve life, thus supporting that women have little, if any, outstanding role in Frankenstein. The creation of the female monster is absorbed by Victor in fear of being unable to control her actions. This signifies that women are oppressed in the fear that the will be uncontrollable. This is supported when Victor states, she might become ten thousand times more malignant than her mate signifying his fear of being unable to control her. The importance and expectations of feminine beauty are also impressed upon readers through the female monster. Shelley is conveying the importance that appearance plays in determining our roles and status in society and showing that if a woman should lack this quality then they will face the harsh reality of how truly cruel society can be in its rejection of the ugly. This is also supported when Victor is thinking about his female creation and says, the creaturealreadyloathed his deformity, and might he not conceive a greater abhorrence for it when it came before his eyes in the female form. This expectation for women is also shown when Victor says he is concerned with the outward substance of things. Shelley is therefore criticising the submissive nature of those women in society who both do and do not possess the flattering looks expected of them for not challenging this. Safie, although beautiful, does not allow her appearance to determine the path her life will take and refuses conform and let her father control her.

Constructivism Essay -- Philosophy, Piaget, Vygotsky

What is Constructivism? Constructivism has been a popular term used in education since the 1990s but can be traced back to a much earlier time than that (Maddux & Cummings, 1999, p.8). Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are the two theorists who are closely linked to the development of constructivism. Over the past decade, education has seen an alarming increase in the number of students who are qualifying for special education services as well as students who are being labeled as â€Å"at risk† students. Having such an increase in special education the demand to find a teaching style that works best for students with disabilities has become extremely popular. An increase in popular terms and trendy forms of teaching instruction has developed in education. A popular â€Å"buzz† word that has invaded the educational world is Constructivism; even though constructivism is not a new term it does lack a concrete definition. The term constructivism has been used to explain everything from school reform to teaching styles, and most importantly related to a learning theory. As you can imagine the term Constructivism has the potential to develop many misconceptions since it lacks a universal definition. â€Å"Constructivism is an important theory of learning that is used to guide the development of new teaching methods†(Baviskar, Hartle & Whitney, 2009, p.541). The framework of constructivism is built upon the understanding that â€Å"learning is an active process that is student centered in the sense that, with the teachers help, learners select and transform information, construct hypothesis’, and make decisions†(Chrenka, 2001, p.694). It is important to understand that when speaking about constructivism we are referring to a learning theory not teach... ...dent-centered classroom, which allows students to act upon their prior knowledge and learn through hands on experience. If you have ever been involved with or around students with disabilities you may be extremely hesitant to adopt a constructivist view on education. Students with disabilities require a much more structured learning environment in order to be successful. Many education professionals feel that the appropriate learning experience and learning environment for students with disabilities would be one of a more teacher-directed or explicit teaching style. It would not be fair to assume that a constructivist approach to special education would be a complete failure. However, combining multiple constructivist strategies with some explicit teaching strategies you could quite possibly be able to achieve success when teaching students with disabilities.

Analysis of Another Day by Paul McCartney Essay -- essays research pap

Paul McCartney’s â€Å"Another Day† is the song i chose to analyze. Within the song there are three main themes I took notice to. The themes I have chosen are discovering self worth, the yearning for varitey and the third theme relates to the previous two in that if a person is lacking meaning then they often become tired and fed up with living. McCartney was able to successfully weave them into each other to effectively tell a story of a life of one women by explaining her daily habits. For the most part these themes are easy to recognize because they are easily relateable in any person’s life. â€Å"Another Day† is about the feeling of boredom with life and the constant struggle to find happiness. The themes of boredom, uselessness and sadness are so common and universal making the song itself timeless. The first theme I took notice to was monotony. This seemed like the most prudent point of the song. â€Å"Every day she takes a morning bath she wets her hair,† is the opening line beginning the song with an immediate sense that it is a routine that this character, which thus far we know only as a female, goes through. The whole first verse is about what she is doing before work. The wording of her actions are very plain making her seem less than enthused to be going through the same thing again. Paul McCartney has this character, â€Å"slipping into stockings...dipping in the pocket of her raincoat.† This imagery brings with it a feeling of her being lackadaisical. The chorus reiterates this theme and the sense of a plodding life with â€Å"Its just another day...Its just another day...Its just another day.† The repetition of these lines is pulling the observer back to the feeling of drabness because of it being so flat in varitey of ... ... but as a person she should find happiness with herself and her own life before trying to merge another life into hers. Understanding her want for another person is not difficult to grasp but it should not be the meaning in life. While she is dwelling on her despondency alone in her apartment, oportunities of contentment are probably passing right by her and this women will be none the wiser until she can find enjoyment on her own. Paul McCartney is depicting a picture of a women who barely drags herself through the work day routine and lives a lonely life of sadness simply waiting for the right man to love her. She has built up in her head that as soon as she finds â€Å"Mister Right† she will be pleased with her life. McCartney does a brilliant job of outlining the struggle of people who attempt to find self worth in the approval and appreciation of other people.

Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay

Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The sneak attack sparked outrage in the American populace, news media, government and the world. On December 8, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the American Congress, and the nation, to detail the attack. The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto’s intention which he thought that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end. It was intended to neutralize the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and hence protect Japan’s advance into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, where it sought access to natural resources such as oil and rubber. It was also an action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. The base was attacked by Japanese fighters, bombers and torpedo planes in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk; which two were raised, and with four repaired, six battleships returned to service later in the war. There were 188 U.S. aircraft that was destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed and 1,282 wounded, and Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. The attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters and the next day United States declared war on Japan. The attack had several major aims which were it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson-Walsh Act erased any chance of victory, and it was meant to deliver a severe blow to American morale, one which would discourage Americans from committing to a war extending into the western Pacific Ocean and Dutch East Indies. To maximize the effect on morale, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time and the main intention was to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force, of six aircraft carriers departed northern Japan route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor. 408 aircraft were intended to be used: 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive combat air patrol including nine fighters from the first wave. Before the attack commenced, two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers were sent to scout over Oahu and report on enemy fleet composition and location. Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force and Niihau, so they could prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. At 6:00 a.m. on 7 December, the six Japanese carriers launched a first wave of 181 planes composed of torpedo bombers, dive bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters. The first wave approached land, and one at least radioed a somewhat incoherent warning and other signs were ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing. The second wave consisted of 171 planes and 90 minutes after it began, the attack was over 2,386 Americans died and 1,139 wounded there were 18 ships that sunk or run aground, including five battleships. Several Japanese junior officers urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor’s fuel and torpedo storage, maintenance, and dry dock facilities as possible; and the captains of the other five carriers in the formation reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike.

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Alexander Pope wrote a long poem which he called Dunciad. He had no patience with the half learned and the ill-learned. He branded them all dunces and poetasters and made them the theme of his Dunciad. Like Iliad, it was not an epic but a satire wherein he said A little learning is a dangerous thing Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring. The problem with such people, said Pope, was not that they did not know much; but that they thought they knew everything. Therefore he advised them to master their subjects thoroughly or abjure them once for all.To think that one knows everything is like living in a fool's paradise. It is a comforting thought as far as it goes, if one can stop with it. But curiously enough one thought leads to another and that sets things moving. Satisfaction leads to arrogance and that opens the Pandora's Box. Arrogance knows no fear, no second thoughts. Discrimination vanishes and with a foolish sense of confidence the arrogant will venture to do anything. Sur ely, fools tread where angels fear. We know man falls by pride; and therefore the moment he becomes swollen headed, his fall begins.But he will not fall alone. He will cause a disaster; and many an innocent man will go down with him. Like a drowning man he drags with him anyone he can lay hands upon. When you think that you are Mr. Know – all, you will probably begin to act like a No – all. Many an innocent man will believe what you say. If they simply wonder like the rustics who stared at the village pedagogue and wondered how a small head could carry so much, no mischief is done. But if they also believe what you say, they are at once on the wrong side of the fence.Some of the religious fanatics are guilty of such a sin. They do not know what actually a religion is for. They cannot realize that it is for man's good – to bring comfort in moments of sorrow and distress, to guide him in times of illusion and indecision and to lead him out from darkness and ignora nce. They harangue about the superiority of their god, decry the people of other faiths call them infidels and declare holy wars in the name of God and religion. The ignorant masses who believe them take to arms and cut the throats of innocent people. eligion which is expected to bring comfort and sunshine in the lives of people will spread distress and darkness. People who cannot understand that the essence of religion is understanding, tolerance, compassion and service will think that they are pundits and prophets. Pope rightly advises such false prophets ‘to drink deep' or else ‘taste not the Pierian Spring'. People who believe in racial superiority are no better. They talk of blue blood, azure eyes, blonde hair and fair skin and look down upon others.They too suffer from the limitations of little knowledge. They do not realize that we all belong to one race – the race of man, whether the colour of the skin is white or yellow, brown or black and that these vari ations are the ways of nature to add beauty and variety to its creation. Every artist knows that he needs to vary his colours, combine and recombine them, to produce the needed effect and make his creations look more and more beautiful. But these half learned people who do not know this much, practice racial discrimination and spell disaster.

Natural disasters Essay

BTA’S overseas offices work closely with the British diplomatic and cultural staff, the local travel trade and media to stimulate interest in Britain. In the UK it has partnerships with other organizations such as the British Council. The National Tourist Boards (NTB’s) These were established in 1969 when the Development of Tourism Act was passed. The English Tourism Council (ETC) replaced the English Tourism Board in 1999 These are responsible for promoting domestic tourism in their own countries. There are 4 main tourist boards. They all have similar objectives which include: Advising on matters of tourism   Contribution to the economy by creating wealth and employment   Making a good image for their countries as tourism destinations   To help the sustainable tourism development   And to research the consumer requirements in travel and tourism The Voluntary Sector These are usually non profitable or charity organizations and are done by volunteers. Examples include the Tourism Concern and the National Trust. The national trust was founded in 1895 and their aims are to preserve historic places or natural beauty permanently for the nation. The tourism concerns aim is to campaign for fair and ethically traded tourism. New Technologies Travel and Tourism is dependent on technology in the 21st century in order to keep up with consumer expectations and to be able to operate in an efficient way. Many use the Computer Reservations Systems (CRS) or the Global Distributions Systems (GDS) which are explained earlier in the project. The 4 main GDS are:   Sabre   Amadeus   Galileo   Worldspan External Pressures Travel and Tourism is also vulnerable against the external pressures for which it has no control over such as: Currency Fluctuation. State of the Economy Government Legislation Climate Changes   Natural Disasters   War and Acts of Terrorism Currency Fluctuation The exchange rates are always changing. When the value of the pound increases this encourages the outbound tourism as the strength of the pound against the other currencies means holidaymakers get more for their money Legislation Tax revenue also has a big impact on the travel and tourism industry. When air passenger duty (APD) introduced in 1997 every flight from the UK to Europe has had i 10 added on to them and outside of the EU i 20. EU Legislation has had a big impact as well. The EU directive on packaged holidays means that any company that is an organization must have a bond or other financial protection in place or they could be prosecuted. Climate Change When the UK has a poor summer it leads to a bad effect of tourism in the seaside destinations. With the use of the internet people can see what the weather can be like in advanced and if it is bad then those people are likely to looks elsewhere. Natural Disasters Natural Disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and floods all affect tourism. For example the hurricanes that hit Florida would have affected the tourism there in the summer months. War, Acts of Terrorism Travel and Tourism is vulnerable to war and terrorism acts. The Middle East and the events of September 11th in the USA has affected peoples confidence of flying and travelling to these parts of the world especially. Impact on Host Communities There can be usually a positive and negative impact on host communities. There are Economic, Social and Environmental impacts on tourism. Economic Travel and Tourism has a big impact on the UK economy in the income generated, numbers employed, and balance of payments. A lot of industries benefit from direct and indirect income generated by visitors to the area. Indirect income is brought in from the multiplier effect and this is when money spent by visitors is taken into the local economy. This can also be applied to numbers employed. The opposite to this is leakage Social The local communities can also benefit from public, private and voluntary sectors. Services such as restaurants, shopping complexes and transport services are all examples. Also areas that are neglected are usually done up in order to impress. However, the impact on tourism on host communities are often more negative than positive. Environmental. There are big concerns about what tourism is having on the environmental side of tourism. This has led to big demanding of sustainable tourism. Type of Impact Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Economic Multiplier Effect Jobs Foreign Currency Earnings Money to Develop the area and infrastructure Leakage Jobs can be part time Seasonal Low Paid Visitor Management costs Rise in House Prices Social/Cultural Supports Culture Lead to crime/vandalism Language Dress Music Conflict Environmental Improve and Maintain tourist places Improved infrastructure Preserve Wildlife Pollution Noise Litter Resource Depletion Overcrowding. Lead to crime/vandalism E2 – Scale of the UK Industry and its Economic Significance For E2 I am going to find out statistics on each of the sectors of the travel and tourism industry. I will try to find out the numbers employed in each of these components and the number of participants in these components as well as the consumer spending. I will also show the source from which I obtained these statistics from Component Numbers Employed Number of Participants Consumer Spending Accommodation and Catering Hotels and other Accommodation – 318,7000 Restaurant and Cafi ‘s 356. 0000 Bars, Pubs, Clubs 364. 1000. Source: Office for National Statistics This shows the consumer spending in accommodation in percent Hotels 41% B&B 8% Flat/Chalet 9% Youth Hostel 1% Camping 2% Source: www. staruk. com Travel Agents Below are some branches and how many there are. Lunn Poly 797 Going Places 738 Thomas Cook 390 Another example is the CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY LTD with 289 branches this employs around 35,200 people Source: AbtaResearch. com 7. 2 million UK residents book their holidays person to person in travel agents but this is been out done by the internet which is getting 10. 9 million Source: www. staruk. com Tour Operators 83. 5000 people employed in travel agencies and tour operators. Source: Office for National Statistics 257 million visits overall Source: staruk. com Transport There are 87,000 people employed in this type of work Source VisitBritain. co. uk This shows the percentage of trips. Car 73% Train 12% Bus 4% Coach 1% Caravan   Motor Cycle Bicycle   Plane 5% Boat/Ship Other 2% Source: www. staruk. com   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ less than 1% Visitor Attractions Libraries, museums, culture 77. 0000 Source: Office for National Statistics Alton Towers 2,650,00 Tower of London 2,422,181 Lego Land 1,620,000 Flamingo Land 1,197,000 Source: www. staruk. com. Tourism Development There are 450 people employed and 60% of these are employed in overseas markets Source: Visitbritain. co. uk The government participate in tourism development and promotion because without it they would lose out on money from tourists Source: Visit Britain. co. uk Incoming Tourists 24. 2 million trips made spending around i qq. 7 billion Domestic Tourists 167. 3 million trips made and spending around i 26. 6 billion Outgoing Tourists 24. 18 million trips made spending around i 11. 618 million Business Tourism Another significant part of the travel and tourism industry is the business tourism. The table below shows the amount of trips that were made by business tourism and the spending in this for the UK residents in the year of 2001. Trips (Millions) Spent (i Millions) 22. 8 5,670 Source: United Kingdom Tourism Survey / International Passenger Survey E2 – Scale of the UK Travel and Tourism Industry Travel and Tourism is a multi-billion pound industry in the UK. Visit Britain estimates that domestic and overseas tourists spent a total of around i 26 million in 1998. 60% of this spending was covered by the Accommodation and Catering sector. The scale of the industry can be established by looking at: Travel and Tourism revenue and its contribution to the national economy Employment Statistics   Inbound, Outbound and Domestic tourist numbers within the UK Travel and Tourism Revenue Inbound and Domestic tourism contributes to the national economy   A wide range of industries benefit from direct and indirect income, this of which is generated by tourist   The Travel and Tourism industry contributes to the economy by tourists paying VAT and taxes o products   Local Travel and Tourism industries contribute to local government finances through payment of business rates Contribution to the Balance of Payments. The Balance of Payments refers to the difference in the nations economy between the income generated from exports and the cost of imports   It is harder to measure in tourism as tourists are paying for services rather than products and therefore it is described as being invisible   Inbound Tourism is seen as an export because overseas tourists are bringing money into the UK economy. They are buying British products and services   Outbound Tourism is seen as an import because it is taking money out of the UK economy There is a deficit in the balance of payments when the cost of imports is greater than the income of exports. Outbound UK tourists spending more money abroad than the Inbound (overseas) visitors do in the UK   There is a surplus in the balance of payments when the income of exports is greater than the cost of imports. Inbound tourists spending more money in the UK than the money taken out by outbound tourism   More money is being spent by the British abroad than overseas visitors to the UK and therefore there is a deficit in the balance of payments   The British Government is trying to resolve this by encouraging more overseas visitors to the UK. E2 – Scale of the UK Industry and its Economic Significance. This is a multi billion pound industry and has a major influence on the economy in the terms of consumer spending and employment. Examples of organizations that produce statistics are:   Government statistics   British tourist authority National and regional tourist boards   Industry bodies such as ABTA, Mintel and Keynote To assess the scale of the UK industry and its economic significance we have to analyse the UK travel and tourism revenue and its contribution to the national economy and also look into employment statistics and research into inbound, outbound and domestic tourism in the UK. Visit England states that in the year of 1998 the UK industry was worth i 61,201 million making the UK the fourth largest earner of foreign exchange. This is what the money was spent on Trips (Millions) Spending (i m) UK Residents 122. 3 14,030 Overseas Visitors 25. 7 12,671 Total 148. 0 26,701 This information was taken from the Collins text book on Travel and Tourism An example of a visitor attraction for which I have found statistics on is Flamingo Land. This visitor attraction employs about 375 staff a year and work either full time or part time from March to November. Flamingo Land has been able to increase its employment as well because of the opening of a 26 bed roomed staff accommodation block and this has brought in staff from as far away as Wales and Scotland. Most of the staff who are employed at Flamingo Land though are from closer in and in the local areas of Scarborough, Malton, York, Whitby and Pickering E3 A Full Explanation of the Present Structure of the Industry In order to give a clear explanation of the industry I am going to describe the role of the 6 components within it using a case study for each to explain the components role. I am also going to explain the chain of distribution within the industry. The 6 components are: 1. Accommodation and Catering 2. Tour Operators 3. Travel Agents 4. Transport 5. Visitor Attractions 6. Tourism Promotion and Development 1. Accommodation and Catering Accommodation can be either serviced or self-catering Serviced Accommodation Hotels and serviced accommodation are all different in terms of size, quality, turnover and facilities. National tourist boards use classification systems for hotels, bed and breakfast’s and guest houses. They are awarded star ratings for the range of facilities and services provided Examples of serviced accommodation are:   Hotels   Lodge   Bed Only   Bed and Breakfast   Half Board   Full Board All Inclusive Self Serviced Accommodation (Self-Catering) There is a wide range of self serviced accommodation available. Examples are:   Camping Youth Hostels   Apartments   Villas/Chalets Boat   Cottages   Guest House Especially popular are places with self catering accommodation combined with activities and entertainment. Examples of this are Center Parcs and Butlins Catering Examples of catering are:   Fast Food Outlets – McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Burger King. Restaurants – Frankie and Bennies Cafi ‘s   Pubs – Rose and Crown   Takeaways – Dominos Pizza   In-house Restaurants (Supermarkets) – Asda, Tesco’s   Road-side Catering – Burger bars outside football grounds Restaurant and takeaway markets have continued to grow partly down to the popularity in ethnic restaurants and takeaway shops. Pub meals have remained popular. An example of accommodation and catering is the YHA (Youth Hostel Association) and this operates a network of over 227 youth hostels in the UK. It takes in groups and individuals. This is an example of a voluntary organization. 2. Tour Operators Tour operators arrange the following:   Transport Accommodation   Leisure Activities Holiday packages are usually sold through travel operators and the travel agencies receive a commission for been the one who sells the product for them. Tour operation markets provide products and services for three main categories of tourism which are:   Outbound   Inbound   Domestic Outbound Operators The majority of outbound operators are situated in the UK and they organize packaged holidays. Examples of outbound operators are:   Thomson Holidays   First Choice Holidays   Airto.